No capítulo X de A Estrutura das Revoluções Científicas (1962) de Thomas Kuhn o conceito de paradigma figura como elemento filosófico central na tensão que se estabelece entre o âmbito perceptivo/cognitivo versus o âmbito ontológico do “problema da mudança de mundo”. No presente artigo, apresento alguns desdobramentos do conceito de paradigma com o objetivo de indicar dois sentidos principais para o termo subjacentes às formulações kuhnianas no capítulo X e que são desenvolvidos na obra tardia do autor, a saber: (1) (...) o ‘paradigma’ como exemplar, apresentado em “Postscript – 1969” (1970) e “Seconds thoughts on paradigms” (1977); e (2) o ‘paradigma’ como léxico, apresentado principalmente, em, “Metaphor in science” (1979), “Commensurability, comparability, communicability” (1983), “Possible worlds in history of science” (1989), “The road since Structure” (1990) e “Afterwords” (1993). Através do conceito de exemplar, explicito a função cognitiva que os paradigmas exercem nos membros das comunidades científicas: a singularidade dos exemplares reside não apenas no fato de eles serem exemplos-padrão para os membros de uma comunidade, mas em serem expressão de um processo cognitivo mais geral que já está pressuposto no desenvolvimento da atividade científica. Através do conceito de léxico, explicito a função constitutiva dos paradigmas como princípios a priori, porém dinâmicos e relativizados, como condições de possibilidade para a experiência do conhecimento, sendo, em particular, determinantes na experiência do sujeito no âmbito científico. Nesse sentido, a articulação teórica proposta nesse artigo evidencia que a análise do empreendimento científico na Estrutura considera processos cognitivos e ontológicos do sujeito epistêmico expressos por meio do conceito de paradigma. No entanto, essa compreensão é obscurecida diante do emprego polissêmico e impreciso do termo no decorrer de toda a obra e que se apresenta de modo particularmente conflitante no capítulo X. Palavras-chave: exemplar; léxico; paradigma; mudança de mundo; Thomas Kuhn. (shrink)

This article reflects on childhood times based on the words chrónos, kairós and aión, which the Greeks use to conceptualize time, in dialogue with different authors, such as Kohan, Pohlmann, Skliar, Kohan and Fernandes. In the pedagogical field, we explore how Pedagogy of Childhood has focused on the importance of childhood temporality and children’s agency, with contributions from Hoyuelos, Parrini, Aguilera et al., Barbosa, Oliveira-Formosinho e Araújo, Oliveira-Formosinho, Pinazza and Gobbi. We reflect on what forms of organizing time are possible (...) when we think about children and their childhoods. Would it be a continuous and chronological time, a time of opportunity for the instant or the timeless intensity of the aiónic? Would it be possible to open spaces in school for other temporalities, given its immersion in chronological time, and its extreme emphasis on routine? We seek a relationship between forms of temporality, philosophy, and early education in order to explore alternative possibilities in the relationship between child and the school context, and conclude that, since the child’s is the aiónic time of intense experience, it is in the heightened dynamic immediacy and the multiple symbolic languages of play that it may be possible to create pedagogical structures that provide a dwelling for childhood temporality. (shrink)

María Zambrano efetua uma abordagem do sonho enquanto fenómeno que acontece não apenas no sono, mas também na vigília. Um sonho decifrado, em termos da compreensão do fenómeno, é um sonho criador, um sonhar bem, um estado que toca a eternidade por transcender o tempo. Num momento da sua vida, Zambrano observava silenciosamente as ruínas do Fórum Romano e decifrou o sonho, compreendendo subitamente como as ruínas metaforizavam o humano. O ser humano é aquele que procura edificar os seus sonhos (...) e transcender o acabamento, fundindo-se com a natureza (o que é simbolizado pela hera que invade as ruínas). (shrink)

Paul Ricoeur considera o caráter voluntário e involuntário da essência da atenção: a duração. Alongando a fenomenologia da vontade à seletividade da atenção, é percetível um atender involuntário, pela factualidade de um corpo e pela existência de motivos subjacentes que motivam o querer, e um voluntário na decisão de atender. Ricoeur identifica um não-ser específico da vontade, aproximando-se da ontologia a partir deste não-ser. Sem extrair a essência do conceito de atenção, também a atenção apresenta um estatuto ontológico, sendo compreendida (...) por Ricoeur como uma grande recetividade, o que vai ao encontro do conceito de atenção plena de Allan Wallace. (shrink)

OLIVEIRA, Ana Maria Rodrigues de. Comunicação, participação política e tensões da democracia no governo local: o Orçamento Participativo Digital 2011 em Belo Horizonte. 2014. xxxf. Tese (Doutorado), Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Sociais, Pontifícia Universidade Católica de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte.

Those who favor and those who oppose the interruption of pregnancy with anencephalic fetuses answer the question ‘what is the right to life?’ differently. Those in favor argue that life exists only when it is ‘viable’; that is to say, when cerebral activities occur or may occur. Those who oppose it argue that it is not possible to describe ‘life’ as residing in a particular quality, since life ‘exists from conception’. In fact, in both cases, the noun ‘life’ is being (...) defined by a particular quality, either as ‘viable’ or as ‘existing from the time of conception’. Also, simply saying that ‘there is life’ cannot count as a neutral answer since those who utter such a sentence employ an unspecified criterion to establish if there is life or not. There are two possible ways to investigate this controversial matter: either we look for a definition of ‘life’ which is neutral and objective and does not reside in a particular quality or we try to establish whether or not the search for a neutral point of view can lead to a satisfactory answer. In this article we explore the argument against the interruption of pregnancy – as defined above – in order to show 1) the impossibility of establishing a neutral point of view regarding knowledge; 2) the existence of a psychological motivation which justifies the longing for an absolute criterion for the evaluation of human actions. This psychological motivation is analyzed from a Nietzschean perspective. (shrink)

O artigo examina a descriçáo e a crítica nietzscheanas do método dialético socrático, bem como o método de investigaçáo nietzscheano – a genealogia. Nietzsche considera o ser humano um criador de conceitos e de métodos de investigaçáo. Os métodos de investigaçáo, por sua vez, sáo associados a tipos humanos e a suas formas de relacionamento com a realidade efetiva. A genealogia analisa a vontade de potência que produz os conceitos e a considera como sintoma de um tipo humano. Nietzsche critica (...) o método dialético socrático, principalmente, por ser criaçáo de um tipo humano decadente. (shrink)

Dworkin respondeu afirmativamente à pergunta título do seu texto “Não existe mesmo nenhuma resposta certa em casos controversos?”. Posner criticou Dworkin e respondeu a mesma pergunta negativamente. Discute-se neste artigo as diferentes maneiras como cada filósofo entendeu a pergunta que acarreta diferentes respostas a ela, isto é, de que modo diferenças na concepção do que é o Direito acarretam diferenças a respeito da existência de respostas certas para questões jurídicas.

Toma-se a crítica de Nietzsche a Sócrates como um caso exemplar que mostra os dois sentidos fundamentais da crítica nietzscheana: (i) a crítica nietzscheana consiste em censura e em elogio de modo dual, ou seja, censura e elogio são aspectos da crítica; e (ii) ao criticar alguém, Nietzsche está, igualmente, se autocriticando.

Those who favor and those who oppose the interruption of pregnancy with anencephalic fetuses answer the question ‘what is the right to life?’ differently. Those in favor argue that life exists only when it is ‘viable’; that is to say, when cerebral activities occur or may occur. Those who oppose it argue that it is not possible to describe ‘life’ as residing in a particular quality, since life ‘exists from conception’. In fact, in both cases, the noun ‘life’ is being (...) defined by a particular quality, either as ‘viable’ or as ‘existing from the time of conception’. Also, simply saying that ‘there is life’ cannot count as a neutral answer since those who utter such a sentence employ an unspecified criterion to establish if there is life or not. There are two possible ways to investigate this controversial matter: either we look for a definition of ‘life’ which is neutral and objective and does not reside in a particular quality or we try to establish whether or not the search for a neutral point of view can lead to a satisfactory answer. In this article we explore the argument against the interruption of pregnancy – as defined above – in order to show 1) the impossibility of establishing a neutral point of view regarding knowledge; 2) the existence of a psychological motivation which justifies the longing for an absolute criterion for the evaluation of human actions. This psychological motivation is analyzed from a Nietzschean perspective. (shrink)

AimTo evaluate the cognitive functioning of subjects practicing trance mediumship in Brazil.MethodThe study was based on the measurement of cognitive functions of 19 spirits mediums through neuropsychological tests such as the Brief Cognitive Screening Battery, the Verbal Fluency Test, the digit span test, the cube test, the five digit test and an evaluation of mental health through scales such as the Beck Depression Inventory, the Self-Report Questionnaire, and the Trauma History Questionnaire. The sample included the participation of spirit mediums divided (...) into two groups. The more experienced group with 11 subjects had more than 10 years of mediumistic practice, while the other less experienced group with 8 subjects had 1–5 years of experience. The inclusion criteria were psychophonic mediums with regular trance practices for at least one year. The data collected were analyzed using the SPSS statistical package.ResultsRegarding performance on the BCSB and digit span test, all subjects reached scores at the median or higher in comparison to standardized scores of Brazilians. Scores of 90% on the cube test and 42% on the FAS were reached in comparison to median or higher values, versus the median of standardized scores among Brazilians. On the FDT, we found statistical significance in the choice stage, with higher performance of subjects whose initial age of trance recognition occurred before 21 years old. On the BDI scale, no participant met the criteria for major depression. The SRQ showed an incidence of common mental disorders in 21% of the sample, which was more prevalent in the LEG.ConclusionThe cognitive functioning of subjects who practice trance mediumship in Brazil is associated with cognitive health. Executive dysfunction may be a tendency in LEG. However, an incidence of common mental disorders in the LEG was observed. Executive processing was higher in the subgroup with early practices of recognizing the phenomenon. (shrink)

In this study, we aim to disentangle pantomime from early signs in a newly-born sign language: Sao Tome and Principe Sign Language. Our results show that within 2 years of their first contact with one another, a community of 100 participants interacting everyday was able to build a shared language. The growth of linguistic systematicity, which included a decrease in use of pantomime, reduction of the amplitude of signs and an increase in articulation economy, showcases a learning, and social interaction (...) process that constitutes a continuum and not a cut-off system. The human cognitive system is endowed with mechanisms for symbolization that allow the process of arbitrariness to unfold and the expansion of linguistic complexity. Our study helps to clarify the role of pantomime in a new sign language and how this role might be linked with language itself, showing implications for language evolution research. (shrink)

The most expressive account of explanations in neuroscience is currently the causal-mechanistic model formulated by Carl Craver. According to him, explanations in neuroscience describe mechanisms, in other words, it points out how parts organize themselves and interact to engender the phenomenon. Furthermore, neuroscience is unified as scientists from different areas that compose it work together to develop mechanisms. This model was extensively discussed in the last years and several criticisms were raised towards it. Still, it remains as the soundest model (...) for explanations in neuroscience nowadays. This paper is presented as a review of this model, as well as the critiques worked out against it and finishes with a brief consideration of the problem of explanation in neuroscience. (shrink)

IntroductionHistory of depression symptoms, including before and during pregnancy, has been identified as an important risk factor for postpartum depression symptoms. This condition has also been associated with diverse implications, namely, on the quality of mother–infant bonding. Moreover, the role of self-criticism on PPD has been recently found in several studies. However, the link between these factors has not been explored yet. Furthermore, anxiety symptoms in postpartum has been less studied.MethodsThis study analyzed whether the history of depression symptoms predicted mother–infant (...) bonding, via self-criticism and PPD symptoms. The same model was repeated with a history of anxiety and postpartum anxiety symptoms. A total of 550 mothers of infants <24 months old participated in this cross-sectional study and answered an online survey.ResultsThrough a parallel–serial mediation model, the results show that in a first step, self-criticism dimensions of inadequate-self, hated-self, and reassuring-self, and in a second step, PPD symptoms, mediate the relationship between the history of depression symptoms and mother–infant bonding. However, the relationship between the history of anxiety symptoms and bonding is not mediated by all the considered chain of mediators, being only mediated by one of the self-criticism dimensions, inadequate self.ConclusionsThe current study confirmed the association of history of both depression and anxiety with mother–infant bonding. While in the case of history of anxiety symptoms, the relation was only mediated by inadequate self-dimension of self-criticism, in the case of history of depression symptoms, the relation was mediated by self-criticism and postpartum depressive symptoms. The buffering effect of reassuring-self on bonding and negative affect was also evidenced. Psychological and preventive interventions should address this evidence to target interventions for mother–infant bonding problems in accordance with previous and actual current maternal risk factors. (shrink)

What are human rights? What makes a particular human rights claim ‘genuine’ or ‘valid’? These are difficult questions with which current philosophical literature on human rights is concerned. They are also the same kind of questions that legal philosophers asked about Law throughout the 20th century. Drawing from the similarities between the two fields, I attempt to do with the concept of human rights something similar to what Ronald Dworkin accomplished with that of Law in Law’s Empire. First, I offer (...) a critique of the two dominant perspectives on human rights—the Orthodox and Political views—that is similar in character to Dworkin’s Semantic Sting objection to Legal Positivism. Second, I sketch an alternative, Dworkinian-inspired framework that seeks to develop the notion of human rights as an interpretive concept. According to this framework, different accounts of human rights are to be understood as expressing different interpretations of the point (or purpose) of human rights practice. (shrink)

In his thesis Para uma Teoria Geral dos Homomorfismos (1944), the Portuguese mathematician José Sebastião e Silva constructed an abstract or generalized Galois theory, that is intimately linked to F. Klein’s Erlangen Program and that foreshadows some notions and results of today’s model theory; an analogous theory was independently worked out by M. Krasner in 1938. In this paper, we present a version of the theory making use of tools which were not at Silva’s disposal. At the same time, we (...) tried to keep in mind, so much as possible, the gist of his standpoint. (shrink)

Recently, approach-avoidance tendencies and visual perception biases have been increasingly studied using bistable point-light walkers (PLWs). Prior studies have found a facing-the-viewer bias when one is primed with general threat stimuli (e.g. angry faces), explained by the “error management theory”, as failing to detect a threat as approaching is riskier than the opposite. Importantly, no study has explored how disease threat – linked to the behavioural immune system – might affect this bias. This study aimed to explore whether disease-signalling cues (...) can alter how we perceive the motion direction of ambiguous PLWs. Throughout 3 experiments, participants indicated the motion direction of a bistable PLW previously primed with a control or disease-signalling stimuli – that is, face with a surgical mask (Experiment 1), sickness sound (Experiment 2), or face with a disease cue (Experiment 3). Results showed that sickness cues do not significantly modulate the perception of approach-avoidance behaviours. However, a pattern emerged in Experiments 2 and 3, suggesting that sickness stimuli led to more facing away percepts. Unlike other types of threat, this implies that disease-related threat stimuli might trigger a distinct perceptual bias, indicating a preference to avoid a possible infection source. Nonetheless, this finding warrants future investigations. (shrink)

Toma-se a crítica de Nietzsche a Sócrates como um caso exemplar que mostra os dois sentidos fundamentais da crítica nietzscheana: a crítica nietzscheana consiste em censura e em elogio de modo dual, ou seja, censura e elogio são aspectos da crítica; e ao criticar alguém, Nietzsche está, igualmente, se autocriticando.

In his thesis 'Para uma Teoria Geral dos Homomorfismos' (1944) the Portuguese mathematician José Sebastião e Silva constructed an abstract or generalized Galois theory, that is intimately linked to F. Klein’s Erlangen Program and that foreshadows some notions and results of today’s model theory; an analogous theory was independently worked out by M. Krasner in 1938. In this paper, we present a version of the theory making use of tools which were not at Silva’s disposal. At the same time, we (...) tried to keep in mind, so much as possible, the gist of his standpoint. (shrink)

Objective:A growing body of evidence supports the effectiveness of body-oriented interventions in educational contexts, showing positive influences on social-emotional competence. Nevertheless, there is a lack of systematization of the evidence regarding preschool years. This is a two-part systematic review. In this first part, we aim to examine the effects of BOI on preschoolers' social-emotional competence outcomes.Data Sources:Searches were conducted in Pubmed, Scopus, PsycInfo, ERIC, Web of Science, Portal Regional da BVS and CINAHL.Eligibility Criteria:English, French and Portuguese language articles published between (...) January 2000 and October 2020, that evaluated the effects of BOI implemented in educational contexts on social-emotional competence of preschool children. Only randomized controlled trials or quasi-RCT were included.Data Extraction and Synthesis:Two reviewers independently completed data extraction and risk-of-bias assessment. The level of scientific evidence was measured through the Best Evidence Synthesis.Results:Nineteen studies were included. There was strong evidence that BOI do not improve anger/aggression, delay of gratification and altruism. Nevertheless, there was moderate evidence that BOI effectively improve other social-emotional outcomes, such as empathy, social interaction, social independence, general internalizing behaviors, and general externalizing behaviors. The lack of scientific evidence was compromised by the methodological quality of the studies.Conclusion:BOI effectively improve specific social-emotional competences of preschool children.Systematic Review Registration:PROSPERO, identifier CRD42020172248. (shrink)

The data showed in this review exposes basic aspects that define organic foods and some factors that influence consumption by the population, ie, its production in the country and the motivations for the consumption of food produced in this system. This way of production, originated in the early decades in the 20th century, nowadays involves environmental, social and health aspects. Although the environment is a more evident aspect than other ones, economic output and potential beneficial to health are discussed further (...) in this description about organic foods. Brazil, has excelled in the growth of this type of farming, however holds the 6th position in the world and 2nd producer in Latin America, with grains and vegetables being the main products, although the livestock reaches the largest area. The consumption of these products is primarily motivated by the perception of organic food as healthier than other kinds of food. However, there are no conclusive studies about better nutritional value, where nutrient concentrations are often unchanged. In contrast the presence of more phytochemicals compounds and reduced pesticides’ content in vegetables, and lipid profile in animal products can justify the health benefits of the products obtained from the organic production system. (shrink)

O presente trabalho visa compreender as contribuições de Warat para uma visão nãoengessada do ensino jurídico. Trata-se de analisar a dogmática jurídica a partir de uma desconstrução que se dá no entrelaçamento entre Direito e Arte, perpassando pelo amor. Há ainda uma necessidade de ter uma cosmovisão para transformar a dogmática jurídica em um ensino jurídico plural, para isso é necessário sair da ordem (cosmos) e encontrar a desordem (caos) e o professor tem papel fundamental nessa transformação, pois este seduz (...) e liberta. Essa didática libertadora é conduzida por uma concepção diferenciada entre razão e emoção. (shrink)

O atual trabalho se debruça sobre o instituto do refúgio por um prisma jusfilosófico, significa a construção dos ditames jurídicos constituídos por uma via filosófica que permite uma pluralidade de oportunidade para concepção de possíveis soluções a partir de uma metodologia explicativa e do método de pesquisa bibliográfica. Os objetivos da pesquisas são: perscrutar a relação entre justiça e direito, compreender o conceito do refúgio jurídico, estudar o fenômeno do refúgio pelos conceitos de alteridade e hospitalidade do filósofo Derrida, analisar (...) se os refugiados são acolhidos a partir de uma ótica da hospitalidade. (shrink)

O presente trabalho visa uma reflexão interessada do pensamento de Luis Alberto Warat sobre a égide do ensino jurídico, trata-se de uma releitura da obra A Ciência Jurídica e seus dois maridos, onde aborda o imaginário carnavalizado. Essa proposta nasce motivada dos conceitos e desconstruções feitas pelo autor em epígrafe. Trata-se de analisar a dogmática jurídica a partir de uma desconstrução que se dá no entrelaçamento entre Direito e Arte, perpassando pelo amor tendo como método o surrealismo jurídico. Essa didática (...) libertadora é conduzida por uma concepção diferenciada entre razão e emoção. (shrink)

The phenomenon of belief in demonic possessions always appears in times of crisis. The intention of this communication is to report the vision of Michel de Certeau, among others, on a fact of possession that occurred in Loudun and shows that religious motives, for some time in history, have been and are still being used for political manipulation. With great documentary and literary analysis, allied to intense research on the city's folklore and imagery, Certeau shows a perspective on the history (...) of religions in the least different. In the construction of his reasoning and his research, contradictory histories emerge, each at different times and places and each one connected in political and epistemological transformations, of Certeau not only maintains an unconventional authorial posture, but more importantly: it shows the reader That which is lost, missing and fragmented in the process of writing official history. (shrink)

RESUMO Um retorno ao ser aparece na contemporaneidade como uma via teórica importante para se pensar as possibilidades de uma política e de uma ética livres das conformações legadas pela história do Ocidente. É nesse sentido que Giorgio Agamben desenvolve em "O uso dos corpos" o que chamará de uma arqueologia da ontologia, buscando verificar se o acesso a uma ontologia ainda é possível nos dias de hoje. Partindo de Aristóteles, passando pela escolástica, até chegar a Heidegger, Agamben evidencia como (...) a divisão binária do ser - em duas experiências contrapostas e ao mesmo tempo dependentes - mantém-se como uma aporia no pensamento e na práxis ocidental. A ontologia, como lugar originário da articulação histórica entre linguagem e mundo, é então percorrida por suas fraturas, levando o filósofo a propor uma nova leitura do ser a partir do que entende como ontologia modal. A partir dessas ideias, busca-se investigar como essa articulação medial entre essência e existência, ser e ente, comum e singular - constituída sempre em devir - propiciaria uma nova perspectiva do ser, na qual ontologia e ética se confundem. ABSTRACT A return to the being emerges in the contemporaneity as an important theoretical way to think about the possibilities of a politics and an ethics free from the legacy bequeathed by the Western history. In this sense, Giorgio Agamben develops, in the book "The use of the bodies", what he calls an archaeology of ontology, seeking to verify if the access to an ontology is still possible nowadays. Starting from Aristotle, passing by the Scholastics, until arriving at Heidegger, Agamben highlights how the binary division of being - in two opposed and, at same time, dependent experiences - remains an aporia in Western thought and praxis. The ontology, as the origin of the historical articulation between language and world, is then traversed by its fractures, leading the philosopher to propose a new reading of the being from what he understands as modal ontology. From these ideas, we intend to investigate how this medial articulation between essence and existence, being and entity, common and singular -always founded in a becoming - would provide a new perspective of the being in which ontology and ethics end up mixed. (shrink)

Resenha de: AGAMBEN, Giorgio. Il regno e il giardino. Vicenza: Neri Pozza, 2019, 123 pp.

Analisando a comunicação memética a partir dos pontos de vista da semiologia saussuriana e do dispositivo biopolítico tal como pensado por Foucault e Agamben, bem como estabelecendo conexões entre essas teorias e o uso desse tipo de comunicação na política brasileira contemporânea, foi possível perceber neste artigo que os memes, em especial os memes políticos, em vez de operarem por meio da subjetivação, operam como dispositivos dessubjetivantes.

Este artigo tem como objetivo apresentar as bases nacionais que constituem a formação do homem burguês e a estruturação do processo educacional que se inicia a partir do século XVII, culminando no florescimento da escola pública na França no século XIX, estendendo-se paulatinamente no Brasil no século XX. O artigo tem como problema investigar se o modelo formativo estruturado na sociedade brasileira contemporaneamente envolve a formação integral do cidadão ou apenas o seu ajustamento à dinâmica social. Face às condições histórico-sociais (...) que imperam nos três últimos séculos, com maior ênfase na segunda metade do século XX, a formação humana sofre duros golpes e, mediante a estruturação da escola pública, a educação dirige-se para atender a ideologia e a dinâmica produtiva da estrutura capitalista do pós-guerra. Retomando autores clássicos como John Locke, Jean Jacques Rousseau, Immanuel Kant e Karl Marx a análise passa a apresentar o cenário em que se constitui a tendência liberal europeia em compreender a formação como parte do processo civilizatório. O texto procura expor que a perspectiva educacional do século XXI, se coloca como um modelo de educação aportado pelos interesses do capital, o qual interfere diretamente na execução de uma educação que poderia ser autorreflexiva e crítica, mas que se mostra oficialmente funcional, adaptativa e instrumental, sem perder de vista o ideal liberal burguês. (shrink)

Para Jonas aparece como a fonte de todos os outros direitos, entretanto, ele não deve ser pensado separadamente do, de modo que não se pode falar da obrigação do médico em relação ao sem, ao mesmo tempo, se falar do. Assim sendo, essa relação necessária dos dois direitos, e, deve nortear a tarefa da arte médica, seus direitos e deveres, e, consequentemente, nortear a possibilidade de interrupção de um tratamento que mantém a vida em condições deploráveis e irreversíveis. Summary: For (...) Jonas the appears as the source of all other rights, however, it should not be thought separately from the, so one cannot speak of the physician's obligation to the without, at the same time, speaking of the. Therefore, this necessary relation of the two rights, the and the, should guide the task of the medical art, its rights and duties, and consequently guide the possibility of interruption of a medical treatment that maintains the life of a patient in deplorable and irreversible conditions Keywords: right to die, right to live, medical art. (shrink)

Durante aproximadamente vinte séculos o que se entendia predominantemente como ciência era a ontologia clássica, entretanto, a partir da modernidade ela começou a perder o status de cientificidade e foi a filosofia crítica de Kant que de forma radical apontou para a sua impossibilidade enquanto ciência. Hegel, porém, acha que a ciência só é verdadeiramente efetiva enquanto ontologia, de modo que ele toma como tarefa de sua filosofia o resgate da ontologia enquanto ciência. Neste horizonte, Hegel através da ontologização da (...) lógica se propõe a resgatar a ontologia enquanto ciência, porém esta é uma nova concepção de ontologia e se apresenta como crítica em relação à ontologia clássica e a crítica kantiana à ontologia clássica. (shrink)

Espinosa nunca explicitou uma teoria sobre educação. Contudo, a leitura da sua obra dá-nos pistas para pensar a educação. A via para o conhecimento, que implica a interação de aspectos cognitivos e afetivos, dá-se como encontro daquele que se conhece com o conhecido, resultando no verdadeiro conhecimento, o qual é indissociável da felicidade suprema e do aumento de potência. O ignorante e o sábio são duas figuras extremas do devir-ético enquanto possibilidade de transformação inerente à existência humana, permitindo-nos refletir sobre (...) a relação ensino/aprendizagem. (shrink)

A situação atual do ser humano é deuma crise global na qual as ameaças de guerranuclear, de desastre ecológico e de colapsoeconômico apontam para o extermínio da biosferahumana. A racionalidade técnico-cientifica tornoupossível esta situação de crise, entretanto, elaprópria torna impossível a fundamentação racionalde uma ética que nos leve, em face do perigocomum, a assumir coletivamente a responsabilidade.Apel, porém, contesta a racionalidadetécnico-científica e defende a fundamentaçãoracional, intersubjetiva, de uma necessária orientaçãoético-politica capaz de lidar com os grandesdesafios que põem em risco a (...) civilizaçãohumana no final do século XX. (shrink)

O estudo apresentado aqui trata da investigação do conceito de amor para o filósofo dinamarquês Søren Kierkegaard. Nessa perspectiva, o devido conceito está relacionado ao mandamento cristão de amor ao próximo. Esclarecemos, portanto o sentido do “dever amar” e o “próximo” a quem se refere. A partir disso, observamos algumas críticas a essa noção de amor elaboradas pelo filósofo alemão Theodor Adorno, onde expõe a impossibilidade do amor ser um dever e de amar um sujeito que, a priori, não deve (...) possuir rosto. (shrink)

RESUMO O objetivo deste artigo é analisar o problema da extensão e do conteúdo da iluminação uma vez que se adote a interpretação regulacionista para a teoria do conhecimento de Agostinho. O regulacionismo, tese defendida por Etienne Gilson, afirma que a iluminação divina do intelecto humano diz respeito ao caráter necessário dos conhecimentos alcançados pela inteligência, e não sobre o conteúdo do conhecimento; assim, a iluminação não teria por função auxiliar na formação de conceitos, mas teria a função de julgar (...) a adequação desses conceitos à verdade. Entretanto, interpretações desse tipo trazem um problema quanto à autonomia cognitiva humana, já que o intelecto seria constrangido externamente em relação ao seu conhecimento. Trataremos, ainda, da crítica sobre a exagerada ênfase na epistemologia que a hipótese regulacionista reverbera. Por fim, e de acordo com o regulacionismo, buscaremos dar uma resposta coerente ao problema da extensão do conhecimento oriundo da iluminação, respeitando tanto a singularidade do raciocínio humano quanto a primazia do conhecimento divino. ABSTRACT The aim of this article is to analyze the issue of the extension and the content of the illumination once the regulationist interpretation for the theory of knowledge of Augustine is adopted. Regulationism, a thesis advocated by Etienne Gilson, states that the divine illumination of the human intellect concerns the necessary character of the knowledge attained by intelligence, not the content of knowledge; Thus, illumination would not have it as an auxiliary function in the formation of concepts, but would have the function of judging the adequacy of these concepts to the truth. However, interpretations of this kind bring with it a problem regarding human cognitive autonomy, given the intellect would be constrained externally in relation to its knowledge. We will also deal with the criticism about the exaggerated emphasis on epistemology in which the regulationist hypothesis reverberates. Finally, and according to regulationism, we will seek to give a coherent answer to the issue of the extension of knowledge from illumination, respecting both the uniqueness of human reasoning and the primacy of divine knowledge. (shrink)

This research aims at a dialogue between Theology and Psychology in order to understand the Catholic faith and their possible mobilization within the psychic processo of assimilation and elaboration of mourning, using the clinical history of two Catholic bereaved patients followed up in psychoterapy in their first years of bereavement as a concrete object of analysis in a longitudinal study. The Project is part of a historical and philosophical literature on death and then supplies from the contribuitions of Jurgen Moltmann (...) in the Theology of Hope, the psychoanalyst John Bowlby’s productions and his sucessor, the psychiatrist Colin Parkes on data about the mourning and recovery. Conclusively, from the analysis of the theological content found, it was established that the fight arouses intense and profound theological transformation process that reached three categories: faith, God and the Communion of Saints,causing changes that potentially infer the recovery conditions of the bereaved, as well as their way of being and living after the loss, pointing to the need for a differentiated listening to the data found on faith, against human care in bereavement. (shrink)

Psychological interest in Meritocracy as an important social norm regulating most of the western democratic societies has significantly increased over the years. However, the way Meritocracy has been conceptualized and operationalized in experimental studies has advanced in significant ways. As a result, a variety of paradigms arose to understand the social consequences of Meritocracy for intergroup relations; in particular, to understand the adverse consequences of Meritocracy for disadvantaged group members. The present research seeks to understand whether there is strong support (...) for the idea that (manipulated) Meritocracy disproportionally affects members of low status groups, and also to understand which specific components of this norm have been successfully manipulated and to what consequences. And this is particularly important given the recent call for greater transparency in how the success of experimental manipulations is reported. Thus, we carried out a systematic review examining the content of different prime tasks, summarizing prime manipulation checks’ effectiveness, and analyzing whether priming Meritocracy leads to less favorable orientations toward low status groups. Results across 33 studies revealed that despite the existing differences in the components highlighted, the salience of any of the Meritocracy dimensions facilitates the use of internal causal attributions, negative evaluations and stereotyping towards low status groups, affecting negatively decisions involving low-status group members, particularly in specific domains, as organizational contexts. These results carry both practical and theoretical implications for future research on the role of Meritocracy in intergroup settings. (shrink)

Introdução: As aulas virtuais se tornaram o principal meio de ensino das instituições educacionais diante da pandemia, e essa mudança repercutiu diretamente na autoestima dos estudantes e consequentemente nos rendimentos acadêmicos. Objetivo: avaliar a autoestima dos estudantes de enfermagem em contexto pandêmico. Metodologia: Trata-se de um estudo descritivo, com uma abordagem quantitativa. A coleta e análise de dados se deu a partir da escala de autoestima de Rosenberg (The Rosenberg Self-Esteem) e de instrumento complementar desenvolvido pelos autores. A pesquisa foi (...) realizada no Centro de Educação e Saúde da Universidade Federal de Campina Grande, com 155 estudantes do Curso de Bacharelado em Enfermagem. Resultados: Dentre os participantess, 60,7% apresentam valores que indicam uma autoestima diminuída de modo geral. Os números indicam que a maioria absoluta apresentava uma baixa autoestima, decorrente do período vivenciado na pandemia, com uma pontuação entre 7 e 12 no escore, o que representa 89,7% dos entrevistados. Isso mostra que o desgaste vivenciado pelos estudantes durante esse tempo é presente e notório. Conclusão: A baixa autoestima está presente entre os estudantes, como mostram os resultados obtidos através dessa pesquisa, que podem sugerir que essa autoestima diminuída seja advinda do período vivenciado pela pandemia. (shrink)

Fertility levels have dropped substantially in Latin America in recent decades, fuelled by increased contraceptive use and notably a method mix skewed towards female sterilization. This study examined choice of female sterilization in four Latin American countries: Brazil, Colombia, the Dominican Republic and Peru. Data were drawn from national Demographic and Health Surveys conducted in 1995s reproductive histories to consider the effects of a number of sociodemographic and contextual determinants as they pertained to status at the moment of the event. (...) The results revealed that the likelihood of a womans propensity to choose sterilization. (shrink)